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序论:写作是一种深度的自我表达。它要求我们深入探索自己的思想和情感,挖掘那些隐藏在内心深处的真相,好投稿为您带来了七篇英语论文开题报告范文,愿它们成为您写作过程中的灵感催化剂,助力您的创作。

英语论文开题报告

篇(1)

汉口学院本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告

院(系)名称专业名称年级

外国语学院英2009肖静语级静

学生姓名学号

2009932125刘丽

指导教师姓名

填表时间:

2012年12月24日

拟选题目选题依据及研究意义TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting,writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston,Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649,ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook,Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism,sin,andguilt.Hawthorneisafamousromanticnovelistofthe19thcentury,hewasadeptatusingromanticimagination,symbolism,aplentyofmoralsubjectivecolorandPsychologicalanalysistoexploretheinnerworldofthecharactersandpresentthetheme.InhismasterpieceTheScarletLetter,Hawthornemakesfulladvantagesofthoselanguageskills.Mostimportantly,symbolismisthroughoutthewholenovelandhasvarietiesmeaning.So,Hawthorneisregardedasapioneerofthemodernsymbolismliterary.ThisthesisbrieflyfocusesonanalyzingthosesymbolismsinTheScarletLetter.Symbolismisakindofspeechwhichdependsontheinnerlinkoftwothings,usessomespecificimagestopresentabstractconcepts,thoughtsandemotions.Symbolismplaysaveryimportantroleinliterarywriting.Itbringsaloftysignificancetothearticleandmakesthearticlehaveasubtleandprofoundtheme.ThisthesisconcentratesontheapplicationofsymbolisminTheScarletLetter,whichisregardedasthemajorwritingcharacteristicinthenovel.Wecanfindsymbolisminthechangemeaningof“A”,inthesymbolofthenameofthecharacters,inthemeaningofthescenes.Itisnodoubtthatonlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail,canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.

SymbolisminTheScarletLetter

选题的研究现状TheScarletLetteristhefirstnovelofHawthorne,afterthebookadventin1850,Hawthornebecamefameandrecognizedasthemostimportantwriteratthattime.Further,Hawthornecalledhis“romance”as“psychologicalromance”,thisisenoughshowsthatHawthornehadpaidmuchattentiontopsychologicaldescription,thereasonwhyheattachmuchimportancetopsychologicaldescriptionisthat:ononehand,hewasaffectedbythetimesandreligious,confusedwiththespiritandthesoul,hethoughtsincethesoulhavegoodandevil,loveandhate,andhavesins,theyareshouldberevealedsoastopunishingevilandpromotingvirtue,awardingloveandsuppressinghate.Butontheotherhand,people’spsychologicaldependonpeople’sbehavior,ifwenotanalyzethecharacter’spsychologicalwecannotunderstandtheinnerofthecharacter,wewillinevitablyseemedsuperficial.Forreaderswhoareaccustomedtoreadingourtraditionaltechniquestodrawcharacters,theymayfeelThestoryrhythmistooslow,butheistheoriginatoroftheAmericanpsychologicalnovels.Aftersomanyyears,thebookalwaysunderworship,thecriticsneverstoppedconcerningaboutthisnovel.TheScarletLetterisnowrecognizedasanimmortalmasterpieces,Hawthornealsoreceivedahighrating.TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting,writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston,Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649,ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook,Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism,sin,andguilt.Indomestic,manyscholarshavedeeplyresearchedTheScarletLetter,someanalyzedit’sthemefromtheperspectiveofthesocietybackgroundandstoryStructure,somefocustheirresearchonhowwomenpursuingmarriageandamourunderthatsocietysetting,somescholarspayattentiontothesymbolismusedinthenovel,but,amajorityofscholarsputmainenergyonanalyzingthepsychology,character,imageoftheheroandheroininTheScarletLetter,byanalyzingthehumanityofthethreemaincharacters,wecanunderstandtheabominableinfluenceonhumanityresultedfromPuritanism.Inourcountry,therearemanyworksaboutresearchingthescarletletter.Forexample,Hawthorne’sfeministthoughtreflectedonHesterPrynnewrittenbyChengShuHua.PaltielguliIsaac’sworkfromChinesefeministliterarycriticismperspectiveviewHesterPrynne’simagein

TheScarletLetter.ForeignscholarshavealongerhistoryinresearchingHawthorne,intheearly1836,ParkerBenjaminpublishedthefirstarticlemadecommenceonHawthorne’sworksontheNewEnglandjournal.In1932,RandallStuarteditedandpublishedHawthorne’sAmericandiary,thispushedtheresearchofHawthornetoahigherclimax.Atthattime,theresearchbegantoinvolveHawthorne’sbeautytheoryandpoliticalpoint.In1976,Americanestablished“researchinstituteofHawthorne”especially,payattentiontoHawthorne’sromanceprinciple.SomehavesuggestedthatTheScarletLetterisfartoodescriptive,tothepointthatthewordsloosemeaning,andthereaderisdesensitizedtothemessagethattheauthoristryingtoconvey.Thisalsocausesthebooktolosepace,andturnoffreaderstoreadingHawthorne’sworkentirely.Whichissomewhatapity,consideringHawthornewasquitetheauthorinwritingshortstories,andpoems.Perhapshefeltheneedtowriteabookonthesubjectbecauseitwaspersonal,however,manyfeelitisashortstorywiththelengthandpaceofagreattome.Hawthorne’sworksreallyaregood,butsomedidfindthatthisbookdidusetoomanywordswhenjust1or2wouldhavebeensufficient.Methinksthat’smorearesultofromanticstylethanitishisindividualwordchoice.Theexcessofwordscanbefoundinotherbooksofthatera,likeFrankenstein(particularlyPercy’sedit)--MaskedSheik,6January2007(UTC).Contrarytowhatsomebelieve,thisisagoodbook,Ithinkitisfineinthemethodsofdescriptions,thoughIwillagreethatattimesyoudogetboredwithit.Thenagain,everybookhasit’slessinterestingparts.Ifyouliketofigureoutsymbolismoryouliketoseehowpeoplereactincertainsituations,psychology,itisinteresting.Oryoumightreaditduetothesimplefactthatitisrequiredforschool.Irrelevantofwhetheryouguysthinkthatthisbookisgoodornot,thecriticismsectionneedsreferences.Perhapsincludingarticlesofliterarycritics,orsomeotherdocumentedcriticismofthenovel,Justsaying“thisisagoodbook”doesn’tnegatetheneedforsuchasection,andsaying“Somehavesuggested”isborderingonweaselwords.Let’suseactualcitations,notourownopinions.AlthoughIpersonallyagreethatthisbooksucks,Iagreewiththecommentabove.Ifthearticlecontainsanyopinions(whichisdebatablewhetheritshould),theymustbebalanced,andbefromcrediblesources.(Wikipedia:Describingpointsofview).MostreviewersgaveHawthorne’snovelhighpraiseatthetimeofitspublication.EvertA.Duyckinck,oneofthemostinfluentialcriticsofhisday,calledthetalea“psychological

romance”,astudyofcharacterinwhichthehumanheartisanatomized,carefully,elaborately,andwithstrikingpoeticanddramaticpower.HealsopraisedHawthorne’sdeparturefromtheoverlyornatewritingstylepopularatthetime,whichdisplayed“artificeandeffortattheexpenseofnatureandease.”Duyckinck’sreviewwassupportedbymostwesternscholars.(Wikipedia:Neutralpointofview)

拟研究的主要内容和思路TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelinAmericanliterature.Wecanfindsymbolismthroughoutthewholenovelandhavevarietiesmeaning,suchasthesymbolof“A”,thesymbolofthecharacter’sname,thesymbolofdifferentscenes,onlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail,canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.Thisthesismainlyinvolvesfollowingtopics:1.IntroductiononHawthorneandTheScarletletter.1.1IntroductiononHawthorne.1.2IntroductiononTheScarletletter.1.3IntroductiononTheThemeofTheScarletLetter.2.IntroductiononSymbolism.2.1DefinitionofSymbolism.2.2CharacteristicsofSymbolism.2.2.1Polysemy2.2.2Uncertainty3.TheUsageofSymbolisminTheScarletLetter.3.1TheSymbolof“A”.3.1.1“A”standsfor“adultery”3.1.2“A”standsfor“alienation”3.1.3“A”standsfor“able”3.1.4“A”standsfor“angel”3.2TheSymboloftheCharacters.3.2.1HesterPrynne3.2.2ArthurDimmsdale3.2.3RogerChillingworth3.2.4Pearl3.3TheSymboloftheScenes.3.3.1Thescaffold3.3.2Thejailandthetomb3.3.3Thevalley4.Conclusion

研究的创新点及重、难点ThisthesislaystheemphasisonanalyzingsymbolismusedinTheScarletLetter.Asweallknown,TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelintheAmericanliterature,therearevarietiesofsymbolisminthestory,suchasthesymbolof“A”,thesymbolofthecharactersname,thesymbolofdifferentscenes.AmongThem,itisdifficulttounderstandthesymbolof“A”,because“A”variesconstantlywiththedevelopmentoftheplot,andtheyareoftenemergedinthecriticalperiodoftheplot’sdevelopment.Besides,thisthesisisontheuniquepositiontorevealthesymbolismofthescenes,whichisveryinnovative.Throughoutthewholenovel,therearedifferentscenes,carryingdifferentmeanings,thoughtheyhaveprofoundsymbolism,theyrarelybediscussed.Thisthesistryingtomakeupfortheshortageinthisaspect.

研究进程安排December20-January16:January17-February28:March7-March27:March28-April10:April11-May8:posingquestionsoftheresearchandcollectingmaterialsanalyzingthematerialsandwritinganoutlinecompletingthefirstdraftandseekingthesupervisor’sadvicerefiningthepaperaccordingtosupervisor’ssuggestionsfinalizingthethesisbasedonthesetrequirements

主要参考文献[1]Brown,Gillian.“Hawthorne,Inheritance,andWomen’sProperty”,StudiesintheNovel23.1(Spring1991):107-18[2]Brodhead,RichardH.Hawthorne,Melville,andtheNovel.ChicagoandLondon:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1973[3]ChangYaoXin.ed.ASurveyofAmericanLiterature[M].NanKaiUniversityPress.1990[4]GeorgeMcMichael,ed.1985,ConciseAnthologyofAmericanliterature(SecondEdition)[M].MaemillanPublishingCompanyNewYork,181.[5]Perry,R.B.PuritanismandDemocracy[M].NewYork:VanguardPress.1944.[6]霍桑.霍桑作品集——红字[M].周晓贤,邓延远译,杭州:浙江文艺出版社,1995[7]霍桑.红字[M].熊玉鹏,贾文渊,贾文浩译,太原:北岳文艺出版,2000[8]李儒寿.《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰性格特征探析.武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2005

[9]任晓晋,魏玲.《红字》中象征与原型的模糊性、多义性和矛盾性.外国文学研究,2000

其他说明

指导教师意见

指导教师签名:2012年指导教师小组意见月日

篇(2)

论文关键词:体裁,体裁分析,英文促销信

 

1.前言

近15年,体裁(genre)和体裁分析(genreanalysis)成为第一语言和第二语言教学领域里的热门话题(Hyon 1996)。我国不少专家、学者都试图把这种理论应用在具有特定交际目的的篇章上,如分析农业英语论文摘要(易兴霞,2006),分析应用语言学领域学术文章的宏观和微观结构(杨瑞英,2006),分析商务促销类语篇(王宏俐,郭继荣,2006)等。本文拟从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手电子商务论文,分析主要交际目的为说服潜在客户购买商家所提供的产品或接受其服务的英文促销信的表现形式,图式结构和特殊信息,并通过分析语义的文化预设和搭配意义,加深对促销信的语言表面特征的认识。

2.理论依据

2.1体裁

语言学中的体裁(genre)不同于文学中的体裁。Swales(1990:45-58)认为体裁是在特定社会文化背景下对人类交际事件进行分类的结果。所谓交际事件就是人们按照特定目的和特定程式运用语言在社会中办事的实例。新加坡的Bhatia(1993:13-16)在Swales的体裁理论基础上做了进一步的完善,认为:1)体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件;2)体裁不是一般的交际事件,而是一种内部结构特征鲜明,高度约定俗成的交际事件;3)在建构语篇时,必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求的惯例;4)尽管体裁有其惯例和制约性,内行人仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。因此交际目的往往决定应该使用哪种体裁,而体裁的常规性又为我们提供了可以遵循的体裁结构潜势。

2.2体裁分析

体裁分析是20 世纪90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)发展起来的一种分析方法。他们认为任何体裁都是由一系列的语轮构成,语步(move)和步骤(step)是语篇分析的出发点论文开题报告。Swales的层次动向法(move approach)常用在具体的体裁分析中,即根据不同的交际目的,对某一语篇按照意义与功能划出层次,然后再根据层次来考察分析语言的表达形式。Swales 没有对语步和步骤提出明确的定义,但Nwogu(1997)认为语步是一个由一系列词汇,主题意义和修辞特征所标明的具有统一意义倾向的语篇片断,步骤是实现语步的可供选择的修辞策略,一个语步可以由一个或多个步骤来实现。例如,Bhatia (1993:62)根据体裁“语步(moves)和步骤(steps)”分析理论电子商务论文,将推销体裁概括成七个“语步”(move):1.Establishing credentials (确立资格证明);2. Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容):(1)offering the product or service (介绍产品或服务),(2)Essential detailing of the offer(介绍推销内容的重要细节),(3)Indicating value of the offer(指明推销内容的价值);3. Offering incentives(激励购买);4.Enclosingdocuments(附寄文件);5. Soliciting response(请求回复);6. Using pressure tactics(采用压力策略);7.Ending politely(礼貌收尾)。在以上七个“语步”中,第二语步Introducing the offer 又是由三个步骤(step)组成的。

体裁分析模式为语篇研究提供了新的考察视角与方式。使用体裁和体裁分析理论对某个特定语篇进行分析,是对语篇宏观结构和微观结构分析的有机结合,既注重语篇结构的宏观结构和认知结构,也注重特定的体裁结构在词汇和语法层面的特定表现。

3.体裁分析在英文促销信中的应用

3.1促销信的体裁界定

促销信是商务英语中常见的一种语篇,它是以书信的格式由促销人员向顾客传递商品或服务的存在及其性能、特征等信息,帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、采取购买行为的目的。因此它的本质是销售者和消费者之间的信息沟通,主要交际目的就是通过向消费者的宣传、诱导和提示,促进消费者产生购买动机,影响消费者的购买行为,实现产品由生产领域向消费领域的转移。这样的交际目的决定收信人和写信人通常为并不熟悉的双方,因此语言上谦虚有礼、简洁明晰是必不可少的。

3.2 促销信的内在宏观结构

一封成功的促销信在内在结构上,基本遵循 Bhatia 的七个 “语步”的模式,通过吸引客户的注意、向客户详细介绍所推销的产品或服务并索求回复等语篇片断来实现说服潜在客户购买所推销产品或服务的交际目的。下面我们从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手,来具体讨论促销信的层次动向。

Dear customer,

⑴The union bakers would like to announce a great offerthis Valentine day. Every two kg cake you buy you get raffle ticket whichallows you to enter into a draw which will give you a chance to win a dinnerfor two at a three star hotel. You can have a wonderful dinner with your lovedone on the eve of Valentine’s Day.

⑵ The bakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to thevenue and you can enjoy the dinner along with the dance party at the three starhotels.

⑶Don’t you think it will be funto take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner on a valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all thatfun you have with your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrillingdance party. To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is theguest of honor that day.

⑷Visit any of our outlets to get more information. Hurryand buy a wonderful tasty cake for your loved one.

⑸Since the offer is valid till (time how long).please actnow.

⑹Sincerely电子商务论文,

这封促销信由五段组成,第一段的第一句是第一个语步:Establishing credentials (确立资格证明),通过提及在情人节要提供的一项服务来吸引顾客的注意力;第一段的第二句到第三段是第二个语步:Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容)。第二个语步由三个步骤组成:⑴offering the product or service(介绍产品或服务),⑵Essential detailing of the offer(介绍推销内容的重要细节),⑶Indicating value of the offer(指明推销内容的价值)。第一段的第二句是第一个步骤,主要介绍了即将推出的服务——每买两千克蛋糕就能抽签,就有机会赢得在三星级宾馆的两人晚宴;第一段的第三句和第二段是第二个步骤,详细介绍推销服务的细节——情人节前夕在三星级宾馆和挚爱共进晚餐、共舞;第三段是第三个步骤,主要指出推销服务的精神价值——使情人节过得特别,并能遇到明星。第二个语步是促销信最为重要的部分,决定能否帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、最终采取购买行为的目的。第四段是第三、四个语步:Offering incentives (激励购买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)。第四段第一句是请求顾客做出回复——到销售点寻求更多信息;第二句是鼓励有购买倾向的顾客下定决心。第五段是第五个语步:Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略),Sincerely和签名是第六个语步:Endingpolitely (礼貌收尾),作为传统信件独特的结尾方式,这一语步在促销信中也很常见。

与Bhatia的七个语步模式略有不同的是:这封促销信并没有Enclosingdocuments (附寄文件)这一语步;而且Offering incentives (激励购买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)的顺序也有所不同。王宏俐,郭继荣(2006) 认为,在语篇构建中常使用的语步是核心语步,不太出现的辅语步是外围语步,在促销信中电子商务论文,第一、二、四语步是核心语步,由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步是外围语步,销售者可根据情况决定是否使用;至于语步顺序,尽管促销信是专门用途英语里的一种,有其惯例和制约性,但我们仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。

3.3 促销信的文化预设和搭配意义

这实际是一封是以西方文化为背景的抽奖促销信论文开题报告。促销信的最主要部分——第二语步也是以这个文化预设为先决条件的。销售者想要促销的商品是蛋糕,但在促销信里,抽奖有可能赢得情人节的晚餐却是描述的重点,这主要是商家抓住了顾客消费过程中的侥幸获大利心理——以抽奖赢得与挚爱在情人节共进免费晚餐的机会,设置中奖机会,利用抽奖的形式,来吸引消费者购买商品蛋糕。令人心动的抽奖活动成功地把顾客的注意力指向拉到了本应大力宣传的产品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解这个文化预设,就不容易达到促销信的交际目的。

Leech(1981:17)认为:搭配意义是指一个词与另一个词连用搭配时使得该词的意义随语境而发生的变化。因此促销信在词的搭配上非常注意。促销信使用的形容词大多是描述性和评价性的,多为褒义词,例如:great,wonderful,special,tasty,exciting电子商务论文,thrilling,famous,wonderful,这些形容词为收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。尽管这是一封书信,但口语词汇多余书面语词汇,浅显易懂、简洁明晰。销售者为了推销商品或者服务,常常直接使用反问疑问句和祈使句,增强引导功能,说服或敦促收信人采取购买行动。

3.4 总结

体裁分析超越了对语篇语言特征的简单描述,力求解释语篇的理据,探讨语篇结构背后的社会文化因素和心理认知因素,揭示实现交际背景的特殊方式和语篇结构的规范性。促销信具是专门用途英语的一种,把促销信这一体裁语篇看作是一个有规律的有结构的层次动向的组合的思想,有助于我们更好地理解这种信函体裁,写出目的明确、结构清晰、用词准确的促销信。

[参考文献]

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