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2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1．Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验，质量第一，信誉第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始终如一。(ex.cn)

Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣，产品规格齐全，品种繁多，造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 进入新世纪后，娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力，在雄厚的资金保障下，通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术，进行消化、吸收、再创新，使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时，通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品，广开销路，实现科学发展，行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前，娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模，不断自主创新，向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进！(划线部分为错误点）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣，素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初，公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要，及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司，在做稳、做强客车的同时，投巨资实施专用车项目，精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品，本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则，经过精心筹备，四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场，便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识，重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)医德医风

Medical ethics

(2)全体员工精诚团结，上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店，带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本，科技创新，优质服务，环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证，形成了一套完整的质量保障体系，2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)

Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证，“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5．Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 熊艾莎. 义乌网站英译常见错误及其对策分析 [D]. 义乌工商学院外语系研究生论文, 2006(1).

[2] 何森梅. 从目的论中看中文企业网站的英译策略 [J].黎明职业大学学报, 2008(1).

[3] 韩孟其. 与目的论相悖的企业网页翻译 [J].中国航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版), 2008(109).

[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

[5] 梁丁强. 目的论与企业简介的翻译原则及策略－以中国企业的英文简介为例 [D]. 扬州大学英语系研究生论文, 2008.

. Leiden: Brill,1964.

. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007.

[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

[9] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. New York: Gardner Press,1976.

[12] 张丽玲. 从目的论讨论中英广告翻译中的差异 [D]. 暨南大学硕士学位论文 2007.

[13] 王娜. 从功能翻译理论看中国企业简介的翻译 [D]. 首都师范大学硕士学位论文 2006.

. London: John Murray,1871.

[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

[16] Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

[17] Mary, Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.

[18] 谭载喜. 新编奈达论翻译 [M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔胜湘. 根据目的进行翻译 [D]. 国防科学技术大学 硕士学位论文, 2004.

 

诚 信 承 诺

我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。

 

篇(2)

促进高校学前（幼儿）教育专业学生理论水平和科研能力的提高，展示高校学前（幼儿）教育专业的教学成果，有效推动高校学前（幼儿）教育学科和专业建设以及毕业生的高质量就业。

二、主办单位

全国教师教育学会幼儿教师教育委员会

三、协办单位

全国各高校学前（幼儿）教育学院（系）

四、活动时间

征稿截止时间：2013年6月10日

评选揭晓时间：2013年7月30日前

五、评审委员（排名不分先后）

周兢（华东师范大学学前教育与特殊教育学院）、华爱华（华东师范大学学前教育与特殊教育学院）、霍力岩（北京师范大学教育学部）、顾荣芳（南京师范大学教育科学学院）、刘晓东（南京师范大学教育科学学院）、秦金亮（浙江师范大学杭州幼儿师范学院）、刘云艳（西南大学学前教育系）、刘明远（江苏省教育科学研究院）、郑健成（福建儿童发展职业学院）、周世华（黑龙江幼儿师范高等专科学校学前教育系）。

六、活动组织

1.评选范围：全国高校学前（幼儿）教育专业2013年应届毕业生独立或合作撰写的毕业论文。

2.论文分组：分设大专生、本科生、研究生（含硕士生、博士生）三个组。

3.论文推荐：大专、本科生参评毕业论文由所在院校（系）集体推荐。推荐数量：大专生控制在本院校（系）当年毕业生总数的15%以内，本科生控制在20%以内。每篇参评论文均应附上两位具有高级职称指导教师或论文答辩委员会成员的评语。研究生推荐名额不限，由导师推荐并写出评语。所有参评论文均一式一份并附上作者本人学生证复印件，于2013年6月10日前（以当地邮戳为准）寄至杭州市文三路求智巷3号《幼儿教育·教育科学》编辑室（邮编310012）。参评者同时登录《幼儿教育》杂志官方网站“幼儿教育网http：//”，根据网站指示注册并上传参评论文的电子文档。

七、评选和奖励

1.特邀全国各高校学前（幼儿）教育专业学科带头人组成论文评选委员会，以无记名投票方式分组评选，按一定比例评出各组优秀论文。

2.由主办单位颁发获奖证书。

3.获奖结果将在2013年9月《幼儿教育·教育科学》杂志及其官方网站“幼儿教育网http：//”上公布，部分优秀论文将选登在《幼儿教育·教育科学》上。

4.获奖作者编入“中国幼教招聘网http：//高级人才库”向全国各用人单位重点推荐。

八、重要说明

篇(3)

关键词：毕业设计；网站制作；课题；答辩

毕业设计是在教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。通过毕业设计，能使学生综合应用所学的各种理论知识和技能，进行全面、系统、严格的技术及基本能力的训练。通常，仅对大专以上学校要求在毕业前根据专业的不同进行毕业设计。计算机类毕业生通过两年半学习，具有一定的专业理论知识和本专业应有的实际动手能力，但在毕业设计过程中选择有一定意义的课题，怎样收集、归纳对本课题有用的资料，如何设计出可行的网站，对他们而言都是新问题，也是难点。指导教师在毕业设计的每个阶段引导、启发和带领学生是至关重要的，可使他们少走弯路，建立自信心，直到顺利地完成毕业设计。

一、毕业设计前的准备

由于本次毕业设计是大专学生教学的最后一个关键环节，且时间仅为12～15周，为保证毕业设计质量，必须做好毕业设计前的准备工作。为此在毕业设计前就要准备好毕业设计任务书并详细制订出指导计划。包括毕业设计要求、课题选择范围、分组情况、设计目的要求及进程计划等。本课题“网站制作”设计基本要求为：

1.以组为单元进行设计

2.组员讨论，确定此方向的选题类型

3.根据选题类型，先用Photoshop设计出一个主页框架

4.第14周上交作品，第15周完成论文撰写、修改、答辩

指导教师先把设计选题范围提前发给学生，让学生通过组员讨论，确定制作网站的类型，提醒他们在设计作品的过程中就注意收集资料、补学新知识并考虑有关问题，为毕业论文的撰写做好充分准备。指导教师对题目的各种设计方案和学习设计过程中可能遇到的问题也做好充分的准备。

二、课题选择阶段

课题选择在毕业设计中是极其重要的，是毕业设计能否正常开展的决定因素，也是能否培养学生各项能力的先决条件。若把过时或者高尖端的产品当做毕业设计课题，往往与实际脱节，而学生设计完成后也难以应用于工程实际中；若由学生自行选题，难以把握课题的难度和方向，如果选择的课题偏离本专业知识，指导教师难以帮助学生解决问题。因此，指导教师应帮助学生选好课题。

1.把握课题的难度

选用课题偏离本专业知识，范围过专过窄，则难以完成或不能取得阶段结果，指导教师应选难度适中课题，能针对学生学过的专业课程，让学生有发挥的基础。选用“网站制作”课题，难度中等，贴近主要专业课，学生也可从中选择自己喜欢的类别进行网站设计。

2.确定课题的实用价值和创新程度

网站的实用价值体现在宣传效果显著，易于人与人之间的相互交互和学习，如，教育、购物、电子商务平台等凡是需要宣传的均用到它。

创新程度体现在网站设计方式多种多样，给学生留有较大的拓展空间。如，采用ASP、JSP脚本语言；可制作成静态网站，也可制作成动态网站；还可在网站需要的部位加入特效代码等。

3.了解课题需用的制作工具和成本

若制作工具，作品是无法实现的，为此拟订课题的时候应考虑可能用到的工具来源，同时应考虑课题成本是否符合学生的经济能力。在拟定课题前，应对实习所用的场地进行考查，检查设计所用工具、软件是否符合毕业设计要求。我们本次使用的制作工具有计算机和Dreamweaver软件。

三、资料收集阶段

在资料收集方面，纷繁的资料使学生往往难理出头绪，或是找到的资料不能在设计中应用。例如：在资料收集前，就有学生上网找出大量图片，但实际上能应用的没有几张。指导教师应引导学生进行有效的收集资料，锻炼学生高效获取有用信息的能力。

1.引导学生根据网站风格收集资料

确定网站的风格非常重要，这就要求学生一开始应该先确定网站的风格和总体布局，分成的版块有哪些，最后，由学生用Photoshop先将首页框架和版面风格设计出来，然后学生再根据所需的版块收集材料。

2.引导学生归纳资料

引导学生进行资料归纳。面对着下载的几百张图片，如果不按版块进行分类存放，更难以为后面设计所用。笔者采取小组讨论的方式，根据网站设计的版块，对组内的每位成员分配任务，这样学生学会了目标明确的收集方法，并把这一方法应用到以后的设计过程中。

四、网站制作阶段

网站制作阶段是毕业设计过程中的重难点。如何着手去设计并富有创意，又要顾及各个子页之间的相互协调性等等，这些需要指导教师适时引导学生理清设计的思路，启发学生灵活应用所学的知识，发挥他们的创新能力和动手能力，解决设计中遇到的问题，让他们少走弯路，顺利地进行毕业设计。

五、论文撰写

毕业设计最终的成果要通过论文表现出来，它的好坏直接反映毕业设计的好坏。因此，做好论文是非常关键的。作为计算机应用技术专业的毕业论文，其专业性较强，因此，写好论文需注意要结合一定的计算机理论知识，做到实践与理论（下转第170版）（上接第169版）结合，这样，你的论文中的实践工作才有基础，才为人接受，其结果也才会正确可行。

总之，毕业设计是一项实践性强、较复杂的教学过程，教师应不断提高自身素质，充实和丰富专业知识、专业基础课知识，学习新知识、新技术，关注本学科及相关学科的科研发展动态，有爱岗敬业的精神，认真、负责、耐心、热情的工作态度，做好每个工作细节，努力提高毕业设计教学质量。

参考文献：

［1］房萍．谈如何做好高职学生毕业论文指导［J］.辽宁高职学报，2004.

［2］胡颖．高职学生毕业设计答辩的组织与管理［J］.辽宁高职学报，2004.

篇(4)

有部分学生不清楚毕业论文的书写方法，教师在指导的过程中感到很吃力，特别是论文格式上的修改，往往会发生学生多次修改论文也无法完全满足格式要求的情况，对于教师来说要完全规范学生的论文格式也很困难。根据开放教育以及计算机专业的特点，笔者开发了一个毕业设计在线指导平台。该指导平台主要是以指导教师和学生作为服务对象，不仅包括了毕业论文的在线指导，还包括课题的设计指导平台和论文写作平台。

系统实现的技术方案

毕业设计在线指导系统采用了B/S架构，学生、指导教师使用浏览器通过Internet向毕业论文指导平台提交请求、接收反馈结果，客户端不需要安装额外的客户端应用程序。毕业论文指导平台部署在学校内部的一台服务器上，服务器包括网站服务器和数据库服务器，其中网站服务器用来处理所有的用户提交请求，数据库服务器存储和处理相关的数据。该系统是在VisualStudio2008平台上进行开发的，采用和C#语言为前台开发语言，采用SQLServer2005作为后台数据库。下面将介绍该系统的主要功能以及数据库的设计。

系统的主要功能

本系统一共分为四大功能模块

1用户管理模块

本系统主要有三类用户：管理员，指导教师和学生。管理员的管理权限主要是进行用户管理，针对两类用户，指导教师和学生。系统提供教师和学生的注册平台，教师和学生注册成功后，由管理员进行认证，认证通过后，教师和学生就可以登陆该平台，进行相应的操作了。

2毕业课题设计辅导功能模块

主要是针对学生的专业基础知识部分进行复习和巩固，在线给出计算机信息系统的案例以及系统开发的难点解答，方便学生进行学习。采用比较形象的视频演示和文字描述的两种形式，符合学生在线学习的习惯。如图2所示，该功能模块针对两类用户，对于教师来说，教师需将信息系统案例的文字和视频信息进行上传和编辑，本平台提供教师以网页和word文档的形式上传案例的形式，以流媒体的形式上传信息系统案例的演示视频。教师可以实现对上传的内容进行删除和修改。对于学生来说，学生可以通过该平台学习计算机信息系统的相关知识，如完整的信息系统概念和演示，信息系统开发的过程演示。既有文字信息也有视频信息，方便学生自己在家学习。通过该功能模块的设置，可以帮助学生补充在课堂上学习不到的知识，帮助他们建立完整的信息系统开发思想。

如图3所示，该功能模块提供给学生一个编辑论文的平台，学生可以选择要编辑论文的条目，如摘要，目录，正文，参考文献等，然后在对应的编辑平台上进行文本的输入和修改。论文会根据教师事先设置好的论文条目格式自动生成。学生可以选择在线编辑，也可以选择导出为word格式。由教师在后台设置好论文编辑的条目和格式。这一功能方便学生统一论文格式，也方便教师随时监控学生完成论文的情况。

4师生互动的在线答疑功能模块

该功能主要是方便学生和教师之间实现在线互动，由教师设置好课题组，每个课题组统一在一个讨论平台上，学生只能在教师分配好的课题组平台上发言。学生可以通过该平台向教师提问，也可以通过该平台与同一课题组的同学进行讨论。这一平台不同于其他毕业论文指导系统只有一个统一的讨论平台，而是以课题组为讨论单位，这样便于教师管理和指导，也利于学生之间对同一类课题进行交流。

系统的数据库设计方案

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姓名：xx 专业：信息管理与信息系统 所属学院：经济管理学院

指导教师姓名： xx 职 称： 副教授

拟选课题：配送中心仓储管理信息系统设计

开 题 报 告 时 间： 2019 年 3 月 1 日

1、拟选课题国内、外的研究动态、水平、存在问题，与本人实习、社会实践、调研的关系，并附主要参考文献：

国内、外的研究动态：

全球经济1体化、中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)已经是近在眼前的事情，今后中国企业不仅要应对国内同行的激烈竞争，还要同世界经济强家争夺产品市场。 企业对IT技术应用的方式与要求，是由其生存环境决定的，在全球经济1体化、高度竞争、客户导向、变化迅速、信息化与连通在线化的总体环境下，企业IT技术应用，应具有如下基本特征：

1。 1 体化：与企业及其经营策略、管理体系开发建设1体化。90年代先进企业 IT 应用策略，有1个基本的共识，就是“作为竞争工具，营造企业的竞争优势”，这首先就要求企业本身，不是简单将原有的手工的业务过程“自动化”，而是以IT技术来“重规划”(Reengineering)企业的业务过程乃至业务内容与方式，重新规划客户及供应链上各个合作者的关系，重新规划企业赖以生存的价值链体系或价值星系(value constellation)，甚至最终改变行业格局。

2。 个性化：这不是将旧的运作方式加以保持/翻版的“自动化”，而是前述“创造企业自身独特竞争优势”，和适应企业不断变化要求导致的必然结果。回顾历史，我们可以看到，由“自行开发”到购买大型“通用”商业化系统，再到这种以企业的业务过程规划为基础的“量身度做”模式，是1次新的里程碑式的跃进。

3。 可变性：不仅是企业规模的变化，还包括业务内容、规则、伙伴、组织架构等随时随地迅速变化，这要求IT系统本身，必须是“为变化而建造的”。

4。 开放性：现代IT市场的格局，已从纵向变成横向分割的分布(葛洛夫，《只有偏执狂才能生存》)，Internet及其他通讯技术的普及，使封闭、独占的体系失去了生命力。连微软这样的霸主，也要改变自己在网络操作系统市场上的态势，不再称“杀手”而是共存，曾经占据过绝对优势的Novell，在经历残酷的竞争和1番踌躇之后，首先接受了这种策略。

对于企业的内部的物流运作系统的优化对企业的发展意义深远，特别是在企业的有效运作，资金的合理高效利用方面。

仓储管理系统存在的问题：

1。顾客需求越来越多，用户期望越高大市场正被不断细分，企业缺少1个行之有效的持续开拓更大市场法。

2。企业与市场(包括分支机构、商、经销商)之间的信息传递速度慢，总部很难及时了解各地产品销售、库存和货款回收的准确数据，影响公司的决策。

3。客户在想什么，是否有新的需求，对产品有何建议，企业无法及时得到反馈信息。

4。企业营销需要的人、财、物力越来越多，产品的销售费用逐年增加。

5。部分企业的各地市场和分支机构诸侯割据，缺少相互协调、协同作战的有效方法

参考文献：

1。王为，sql sever 基础 北京：清华大学出版社，2019

2。王珊，陈红 数据库系统原理 北京 清华大学出版社 2019

3。顾义华，超越0点学网页制作，北京：清华大学出版社，2019。9

4。王兴宝，网页制作基础教程，北京：科学出版社，2019。8

5。石志国，ASP动态网站编程，北京：清华大学出版社，2019。3

工作计划、时间安排：

1-4周，实习并系统学习相关语言及毕业设计资料的收集。

5-8周，进行设计前期的可行性分析和毕业设计的制作。

9-13周，系统的演示和毕业论文的撰写。

14周，毕业论文的修改和提交。

15周，毕业设计答辩。

课题的主要内容：系统以ASP+数据库为主要制作工具，本着为用户更好服务的原则，尽可能完成更加完善的功能。仓库管理的内容就是货物入库，出库和库存管理，包括实物管理，原始单据(入库单和出库单)管理，台账管理和盈亏管理等

课题在理论和应用方面的意义：应用系统的友好的人机交互截面，确保了大量数据能够有条理，并安全的保存，节省了人力资源的大量劳动力。本系统利用现有的校园网资源，节省了购买设备的费用;本系统自行设计自行开发，具有很高的性价比;本系统投入使用后，可节省人力，减轻劳动强度，从而降低了成本，节省了开支。

课题拟解决的主要问题和完成课题的条件：系统采用asp。net作为应用系统的前端开发工具，与后端的SQL Server数据库相连接，能够提供1个高性能的B/S解决方案。SQL Server是程序员经常使用的后端数据库，其发展历史悠久，经受了人们长时间的考验，技术发展非常成熟。预计能够完成期望的目标。

硬件设备：PC机或微处理器

软件设备：Asp。net、SQL Server、WindowsXP/2019

3、指导教师对学生选题报告的评语：

指导教师签字： 年 月 日

4、选题报告会评议组意见：

组长(签字)： 年 月 日

5、学院审查意见：

主管院长(签字)： 学院(公章) 年 月 日

毕业设计开题报告

毕业设计题目

配送中心仓储管理信息系统设计

学生姓名

xx

指导老师姓名

xx

指导老师职称

副教授

毕业设计内容：

本着1切为用户服务的原则，和普通意义上的网站1样，尽可能完成更加完善的功能。仓库管理的内容就是货物入库，出库和库存管理，包括实物管理，原始单据(入库单和出库单)管理，台账管理和盈亏管理等

国内外现状、拟采用的方法及技术路线：

网站通过互联网信息，从而为更多用户提供相关服务。

网站供给的日益丰富而迅速崛起随着中国互联网用户的增加和国内网络应用环境的成熟，互联网已经渗透到人们生活的每1个角落。而随着社会的快速发展，网站打破了空间的限制，因此提供面向全国及世界范围内的网站在整个网络市场中获得了越来越大的市场份额。

网站通过Internet在网上建立用户与企业交互的平台，用户有需求可以在网上得到解决，使双方迅速找到自己所需要的信息。通过本网站，可有效地解决用户和企业之间的需求和供给问题。系统利用asp。net ，sql sever设计。在系统中采用模块化设计方法，使之易于维护和管理，实现网站的基本功能。

工作计划、时间安排：

1-4周，实习并系统学习相关语言及毕业设计资料的收集。

5-8周，进行设计前期的可行性分析和毕业设计的制作。

9-13周，系统的演示和毕业论文的撰写。

14周，毕业论文的修改和提交。

15周，毕业设计答辩

教研室意见

主任签字： 年 月 日

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在本论文的写作过程中，我的导师xxx老师倾注了大量的心血，从选题到开题报告，从写作提纲，到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具体问题，严格把关，循循善诱，在此我表示衷心感谢。

同时我还要感谢在我学习期间给我极大关心和支持的各位老师以及关心我的同学和朋友。

写作毕业论文是一次再系统学习的过程，毕业论文的完成，同样也意味着新的学习生活的开始。

----------------------------

感谢冯·诺依曼先生。是他整出了世界上的第一台计算机，才使得我们这些后人鸟枪换炮，由“剪刀加糨糊”的“学术土匪”晋级为“鼠标加剪贴板”的“学术海盗”。计算机，将我们从枯燥的书本中解救了出来，我们无须再在图书馆里东寻西觅，只要一敲键盘，我们就能方便快捷地搞定所需的一切。计算机，是我们写论文的制胜法宝，是我们写论文的大功臣。因此，他是我所应感谢的第一人。

感谢比尔·盖茨先生。他以大无畏的革命主义精神、英雄主义精神和牺牲主义精神毅然从哈佛辍学。他发明了windows操作系统，创立了微软公司，不遗余力地推动计算机事业的发展，将人类的历史推进到了信息时代，将我们的地球变成了一个小小的村落。在信息的高速路上我们畅通无阻，正是借助了网络我们才得以找到了丰富详实的论文、资料。可以说，比尔·盖茨先生以他的辍学换来了我们数以千万计中国大学生的毕业。

感谢百度和Google公司。他们的搜索功能强大、快捷又免费。在这里，我敢说，我们每一位写论文的同学，没有一位不曾借助过它们。那些日子，我们启动电脑后打开的第一个网页一定是它们中的一个。是它们让我们很方便地搜索到了我们所需要的“论文材料”，国内的、国外的，中文的、外文的。正是靠着这些“论文材料”，我们才得以顺利完成我们的“百衲衣”论文。更感谢Google公司增设了翻译功能，它的翻译不仅正确率高而且功能强大，一次便可翻译一整篇论文。我们的外文文献，全赖于此。

感谢那些免费的站。虽说这些网站都是些不起眼的小网站，可正是它们无偿地向我们提供了大量的论文蓝本，保证了贫穷的我们也能得到所需要的论文。这可以说是一种“想人之所想，急人之所急”的人道主义精神。在这里，我殷切地呼吁那些收费的站，能够向它们学习，端正服务态度，放下架子解放思想，变收费为免费，更好的为人民服务。

感谢我的导师。他放下神圣的师道尊严，以朋友的身份告诉我怎样完成这篇论文。他告诉我如何搜集资料；他告诉我如何快捷地找到相关论文；他告诉我哪个学校的网站有本专业的硕士、博士论文；他指导我如何利用手头上的论文取舍嫁接整合。本论文的完成，离不开他的悉心指导和孜孜不倦地教诲。

感谢负责答辩的老师。在我也不明白所写为何物的情况下，他们只问了我两个问题——都知道写的是什么吗？知道；参考文献都看了么？看了——后便让我通过了答辩。他们是如此和蔼可亲，他们是如此善解人意，他们是如此伟大而平易近人。

感谢那些与我朝夕相处了四年的同学。这些日子，他们和我一块努力奋斗共进共退，相互鼓励相互扶持，你帮我找我帮你找，互通有无，及时沟通，以免出现论文撞车事件。我们是如此的团结友爱，从未出现过“五十步笑百步”的现象，我们总是相互开导着：天下文章一大抄，不抄白不抄，抄了也白抄，白抄谁不抄？不抄大傻冒!正是在这样的相互激励下，我那抄公的羞耻感也便见了上帝，而我的论文也得以完成并顺利通过。

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大学三年学习时光已经接近尾声，在此我想对我的母校，我的父母，亲人们，我的老师和同学们表达我由衷的谢意。感谢我的家人对我大学三年学习的默默支持；感谢我的母校桂林师专给了我在大学三年深造的机会，让我能继续学习和提高；感谢桂林师专的老师和同学们三年来的关心和鼓励。老师们课堂上的激情洋溢，课堂下的谆谆教诲；同学们在学习中的认真热情，生活上的热心主动，所有这些都让我的三年充满了感动。这次毕业论文设计我得到了很多老师和同学的帮助，其中我的论文指导老师黄志敏老师对我的关心和支持尤为重要。每次遇到难题，我最先做的就是向黄老师寻求帮助，而黄老师每次不管忙或闲，总会抽空来找我面谈，然后一起商量解决的办法。

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地方本科院校多由地方上的师专升格而来，本科办学时间短，肩负着培养大量适应地方经济、文化建设所急需的高级人才的重任，通常多为传统的教学型高校。在这种高校里，理工科，特别是应用性、实践性、创新性要求均较高的计算机类专业的毕业设计问题较为集中，主要体现在以下几方面：⑴师资力量欠缺地方高校是我国高校扩招的主力军，常年的扩招，摊薄了原本就非常有限的教师力量。对于计算机类专业，重点高校培养的博士毕业生原本是地方高校师资的重要补充来源，但是由于这类专业应用性强，本就为数不多的高素质的博士毕业生经常早早被各地的高新技术企业、跨国公司高薪聘去，真正愿意到科研条件较为欠缺的地方高校任教的十分稀少。师资补充不上来，就直接导致了地方高校计算机专业师生比常年不达标。更为关键的是，不少地方高校对教师的科研提出了很高的要求，高校教师的职称晋升、评优评先主要的考核指标就是科研业绩，这种政策导向直接影响了教学工作的开展，毕业设计这种费时费力且难出成效的实践教学工作对于高校教师们而言就形同鸡肋，难以引起重视并提升其指导质量。⑵校内实践教学资源不足，经费短缺地方院校由于办学时间较短、底子薄、投入不足，可供学生展开实践教学的仪器设备、场所通常都难以满足要求，而有限的资源又经常优先提供给基础性专业课、必修课的实践教学使用。经费投入不足也是制约教学质量的主要因素，以我院为例，学院拨付给工科类学生每人160元的毕业设计实验经费，连补充最基本的实验耗材都不够，为了出成果只能将经费集中于少部分尖子生使用，从另外一个角度上说则损害了大部分学生的利益，影响了教育的公平性。学生在毕业论文阶段得不到有效的训练，其毕业论文的质量可想而知。⑶与学生就业时间冲突，学生投入不足通常本科计算机类专业的毕业设计安排在大学四年的最后一个学期，这段时间正是公务员考试、考研、教师招聘考试、企事业单位招聘的关键时期。大四学生面对严峻的升学与就业压力，不得不奔忙于各类考试与各地的招聘会之间。甚至，不少企业不顾及学生学业，要求签约学生立即到岗上班。升学、就业与毕业设计在时间上出现了冲突和矛盾，学生大多只能顺从于就业压力，无法把主要精力集中于学习上，⑷部分毕业设计选题脱离研发实际毕业设计选题的科学性、新颖性、实用性关乎毕业设计质量的高低。传统上，毕业设计的指导教师以高校专任教师为主，选题的范围则以教师的科研项目或教研项目为主，选题常缺少工程背景，脱离研发实际，导致学生对毕业设计兴趣骤减，敷衍了事。也有部分学生擅长利用政策，在选题时下足功夫，往往选取那些相对简单，容易完成的课题，如课程教学网站、学籍管理系统、图书管理系统等。从技术角度上看来，这些课题实现方法基本一致，在许多网站、教科书、毕业论文指导手册上都有类似的源码，甚至提供几近现成的论文，学生只要变更一下界面或对数据库结构稍作调整，改头换面即可称之为自己的系统、自己的论文，提交上来，对这部分学生由于其论文也基本符合要求，真奈何其不得。⑸论文审查不严，易被学生钻空子通常本科毕业设计最终成果往往反映在毕业论文上，而本科生的毕业论文一般不需要被送入学位论文学术不端行为检测系统中进行“”，常以校内专家评审做为最终评价手段。这种纯人工的评价手法易被学生钻空子，少部分学风不够端正的学生到了毕业前夕，往往出尽招数以求毕业论文顺利过关，常将学术期刊网站上的硕士论文下载后稍加修改即呈交上来，或直接通过网络购买毕业设计和论文。采用人工的评价手段稍不留神就让他们浑水摸鱼获得通过，最终造成恶劣影响。

2“产学研”结合模式的指导方式

“产学研”结合模式主要通过理论和实践教学两条途径，在充分考虑企业需求前提下，以提高学生的工程素养、巩固学科基础、培育创新能力为基本目的，由高校、企业、学生三方面共同研究，明确毕业设计的课题，确定研究内容和研究方法[7]。在毕业设计实施的具体过程中，由高校和企业联合派出导师，由高校教师承担对学生的理论指导，由研发一线的工程师在企业中进行实践指导。毕业设计后期，可聘请企业中经验丰富的高职称工程师或工程技术部门主要负责人与校内教师一起共同组成毕业设计答辩考评小组，共同对学生的毕业设计实施书面评价、答辩、评定成绩等毕业设计的质量审查。

3“产学研”结合模式的的关键点

3.1做好选题工作

恰当的选题是提高毕业设计质量的关键，能直接体现出地方院校人才培养的特色。“产学研”结合的毕业设计选题要求密切联系生产和研发实际，有工程应用的背景和工程的实际内涵，确保其具备较强的实用性。此外，选题还应具有一定的深度，保证有足够的工作量，在某些方面还应体现出创新的成分。因此，在选题时要尽量做到以下几方面的具体要求：⑴毕业设计选题应与服务地方的人才培养定位充分结合地方性本科院校是以培养高素质的应用型人才和服务地方经济发展的为主要办学方针的高校。我院所处的广东省近十年来软件产业一日千里、欣欣向荣，业已成为全国行业的龙头老大。2011年统计数据表明，广东省共有软件企业3136家，占全国的13.7%，全年实现软件业务收入3122亿元，占全国的16.9%。其中软件产品收入1203亿元，信息系统集成服务收入471.3亿元，信息技术咨询服务收入140.1亿元，数据处理和运营服务收入583.8亿元，嵌入式系统软件收入663.9亿元，IC设计收入60.2亿元。我院所处的惠州地区正处于广东省软件产业发展的核心地带，因此我院计算机系的毕业设计在选题上就充分考虑了人才培养的定位，以嵌入式软件设计、大型数据处理与运营、创意文化支撑技术等方向为主，为人才培养设定了明确的目标。⑵毕业设计选题应与地方企业研发实际充分结合地方院校的计算机工科专业是为了满足适应地方信息产业发展的高级应用型人才，其是否具有较强的创新能力和工程实践能力是决定着人才能否快速适应地方信息技术产业发展的实际需求。因此毕业设计的选题应密切结合地方信息产业发展的趋势，与地方企业密切联系、共同协商、共拟课题，真题真做。由于课题贴近实际、应用性突出，学生们往往更容易地激发学习兴趣，在解决工程问题的过程中切实增强学生的实践能力。同时，与地方企业研发充分结合还有利于高校教师队伍的建设，加强教师们服务地方经济的意识，增进服务地方的能力。⑶毕业设计选题应与学生就业充分结合利用“产学研”结合的毕业设计模式可让学生到有就业意向的企业中完成毕业设计的课题，直接接触到今后工作中需要面对的研发项目。这样学生往往会将之视为证明自己能力和价值的一次机会，激发出了极大的工作热情，有助于高质量地完成毕业设计。同时，在此过程中学生也提前适应了工作岗位，完成了岗前培训，能更快地适应工作岗位，也为企业节省了培训新员工的费用与时间。⑷毕业设计选题应反映学科发展的前沿毕业设计也是学生在走向社会之前对学科发展前沿的一次眺望。因此在毕业设计的选题上，应以能使学生尽可能多地接触国内外行业应用和发展的最新理论、最新技术、最新应用，如云技术、量子计算、网络信息融合与知识服务等，可在毕业设计选题中适度安排这些体现学科先进性的内容，以期学生在毕业后能尽快融入到企业的发展中。

3.2强化过程管理

对毕业设计过程有效地管理是“产学研”结合模式能否成功的关键。为此我院专门制定有《惠州学院本科生毕业论文（设计）工作规定》，在此基础上还补充制定了与企业研发密切相关的具体措施，如教育并严格要求学生对接触到的关键技术、源代码、项目文档等履行保密义务，保障校企双方的利益都不受损害。在确定课题后，各系部组织学生与校内导师、企业导师见面，在校企双方面导师的共同指导下向学生详细介绍课题的内容、要求和任务，并要求学生按照规定完成查新、外文文献阅读、撰写开题报告、制定研发计划和工作进度，设定预期目标，确定最终的结果形式等工作。学生在企业完成毕业设计期间，还加强了对学生考勤的检查，规定学生必须按照实习单位的作息制度上下班，如遇特殊情况确需请假，应同时报告校内导师和企业导师，在取得他们同意后方可离开。我院还强化对校内指导教师的管理。校内导师要与学生定期联系、在毕业设计开题、中期检查；定稿前、答辩前均需召集学生开会，检查毕业设计完成情况，收集学生意见，答疑解惑；每周不少于2次指导学生毕业论文（设计）。考虑到此时学生大多身处企业，不在校内，可利用电话、网络（如电子邮件、QQ在线交流、网络论坛、微博）等方式远程指导，校内导师还定期访问学生所在企业，与企业导师保持密切联系，协助校外导师做好学生的日常管理，及时了解学生的工作进展、生活情况、甚至心理与情感困惑等。为保证设计及毕业论文都到达规范要求，我院专门制订有《惠州学院毕业论文（设计）撰写规范》，对毕业论文的形式做出了十分具体的要求。毕业论文送审前均需由校内导师对论文进行形式审查，审核诸如论文各项内容是否齐全，格式是否规范等，确保形式符合要求。为提高毕业设计质量，教务处每年还从各系部评选出来的优秀毕业设计（论文）中遴选出最优秀的典范毕业论文，编印成册，下发至毕业班级中，以这些毕业论文为示范样本，鼓励学生高质量完成毕业设计（论文）。我院还做好毕业设计的档案管理工作，规定在毕业设计完成前需提交毕业论文审批表、任务书、开题报告、查新报告、指导记录、外文阅读文献目录、论文文本、各类不的源代码、需求分析报告、项目总结报告等十二种材料，纸版文档与电子版文档均需同时提交，双备份，对于电子文档需长期保存。

3.3适度调整考核标准与程序

“产学研”结合模式下指导的毕业设计有其特殊性，因此最终的考核——毕业论文评审、毕业论文答辩——也应有别于在校内完成的传统学术型论文，在评价上需结合实际并适度倾斜。首先在选题的评价方面应首先考察学生选题的新颖性、实用性，对于密切结合研发的具有较大实用价值且是研发过程中的重点或难点的选题，应该给予肯定；在毕业设计工作完成情况的评价上，应该充分考虑学生的工作量，并对于毕业设计的原创性、真实性予以认真的考察，即毕业设计必须是学生亲自动手解决的研发过程中的若干具体问题；评审人的构成方面，可聘请企业中经验丰富的研发工程师、项目经理等人员与校内专家一起组成考评小组，企业专家的参与将增强评判的客观性、公正性，也将强化学生毕业论文中实用性的评价；学生毕业设计的考核也应包含团队协作能力的评价，在企业进行研发工作，如完成一个软件项目，本身就是一个团队作战的过程，学生的沟通能力、表达能力、组织协调能力也应该进行考察，引导学生重视团队协作；最后，毕业设计的成果形式也不应仅局限于毕业论文，可将学生在“产学研”过程中实际参与或完成的智力成果都纳入评价范围，如公开发表的学术论文、计算机软件登记、各类发明与实用新型专利、工程设计报告、项目需求分析报告等。

4“产学研”结合模式的实践

惠州学院计算机科学系从2004年成立起就一直非常重视与惠州市及周边地区的企业开展“产学研”结合。主动与旭日集团电脑部、用友软件有限公司等当地十多家IT企业输送实习生，充分利用以往积累下来的资源。从2005年起，每年都组织学生到上述企业开展毕业论文、生产实习等实践教学，共同开展协同创新。在校内指导教师与企业工程师的双重指导下，通过“产学研”结合模式完成毕业设计，并初具成效。从客观数据上分析，参加“产学研”结合模式的学生其毕业设计成绩得分较高，且易取得突出成果。以2005级为例，该年级学生在企业完成毕业设计的共计有30余人，占毕业生总数的近20%，其中9人的毕业设计被评为“优等”，2人的毕业论文获选校级优秀毕业论文。从学生主观感受上看，学生直接到企业参与企业的研发课题，也提升了学生的学习积极性和主动性，使其自信心陡增，对学习的满意率也有大幅提高，这一点可从毕业论文的“评教”得分上得以体现。我系对参加“产学研”结合模式进行毕业设计的学生展开了调研，汇总“评教”得分，将其与不参加“产学研”结合模式的学生的“评教”的得分进行了对比，具体情况如表1。

5结论